Marshall, Thurgood

Born July 2, 1908, in Baltimore, MD
Died January 24, 1993, in Washington, DC

Federal Judicial Service:
Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
Received a recess appointment from John F. Kennedy on October 5, 1961, to a new seat authorized by 75 Stat. 80; nominated to the same position by John F. Kennedy on January 15, 1962. Confirmed by the Senate on September 11, 1962, and received commission on September 14, 1962. Service terminated on August 23, 1965, due to resignation.

Associate Justice, Supreme Court of the United States
Nominated by Lyndon B. Johnson on June 13, 1967, to a seat vacated by Tom C. Clark. Confirmed by the Senate on August 30, 1967, and received commission on August 30, 1967. Assumed senior status on October 1, 1991. Service terminated on January 24, 1993, due to death.

Allotment as Circuit Justice:

Seventh Circuit, October 9, 1967-January 6, 1972
Second Circuit, September 24, 1971-September 30, 1991

Education:
Lincoln University, Pennsylvania, A.B., 1930
Howard University School of Law, LL.B., 1933

Professional Career:

Private practice, Baltimore, Maryland, 1933-1937
NAACP, Baltimore [Maryland] Regional Office, 1934-1940; counsel,1934-1936; special assistant counsel, 1936-1938; special counsel, 1938-1940
Director/counsel, NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, 1940-1961
Solicitor general of the United States, 1965-1967

Other Nominations/Recess Appointments:

Nominated to U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, September 23, 1961; no Senate vote

Bibliography

Adelman, Lynn. “The Glorious Jurisprudence of Thurgood Marshall.” Harvard Law and Policy Review, vol. 7, no. 1 (2013): 113-38.

Ball, Howard. A Defiant Life: Thurgood Marshall and the Persistence of Racism in America. New York: Crown Publishers, 1998.

Bell, Richard. “Thurgood Marshall, the NAACP and Demise of the ‘Separate but Equal Theory.’” Texas Southern Law Review, vol. 4, no. 2 (1977): 289-96.

Bland, Randall Walton. “Justice Thurgood Marshall: An Analysis of his First Years on the Court, 1967-1971.” North Carolina Central Law Journal, vol. 4, no. 2 (Spring 1973): 183-202.

________. Private Pressure on Public Law: The Legal Career of Justice Thurgood Marshall. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1973.

Carter, R.L., et. al., “In Memory of Thurgood Marshall.” New York University Law Review, vol. 68, no. 2 (May 1993): 205-25.

Carter, Stephen L., et. al. “Tributes.” Yale Law Journal, vol. 101 (Oct. 1991): 1-29.

Daniels, William J. “Justice Thurgood Marshall: The Race for Equal Justice,” in Charles M. Lamb and Stephen C. Halpern, eds. The Burger Court: Political and Judicial Profiles. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991.

Davis, Michael D. and Hunter R. Clark. Thurgood Marshall: Warrior at the Bar, Rebel on the Bench. New York: Birch Lane Press, 1992.

Dudziak, Mary L. Exporting American Dreams: Thurgood Marshall’s African Journey. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.

________. “Working toward Democracy: Thurgood Marshall and the Constitution of Kenya.” Duke Law Journal, vol. 56, no. 3 (Dec. 2006): 721-80.

Freedman, James O. “Thurgood Marshall: Man of Character.” Washington University Law Quarterly, vol. 72, no. 4 (Winter, 1994): 1487.

Gibson, Larry S. Young Thurgood: The Making of a Supreme Court Justice. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2012.

Goldman, Roger and David Gallen. Thurgood Marshall: Justice for All. New York: Carroll and Graf, 1992.

Haskins, James. Thurgood Marshall: A Life for Justice. Henry Holt & Co., 1995.

Hayes, William K. “Thurgood Marshall: Rampart against Racism.” Black Law Journal, vol. 2 (1972): 240-8.

Haygood, Wil. Showdown: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court Nomination that Changed America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2015.

Hemingway, Anna, et. al. “Thurgood Marshall: The Writer.” Willamette Law Review, vol. 47, no. 2 (Winter, 2011): 211-58.

Hill, Donald K. “Social Separation in America: Thurgood Marshall and the Texas Connections.” Thurgood Marshal Law Review, vol. 28, no. 2 (Spring 2003): 177-269.

King, Gilbert. Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America. New York: Olive Editions, 2017.

Kluger, Richard. Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America’s Struggle for Equality. New York: Knopf, 1976.

Lavergne, Gary M. Before Brown: Herman Marion Sweatt, Thurgood Marshall and the Long Road to Racial Justice. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2010.

Pollack, Louis H. “Thurgood Marshall.” Texas Law Review, vol. 71, no. 6 (May 1993), 1115-9.

Pollitt, Daniel. “Thurgood Marshall.” North Carolina Central Law Journal, vol. 21 (1995): 179-94.

Rawn, James, Jr. Root and Branch: Charles Hamilton Houston, Thurgood Marshall, and the Struggle to End Segregation. New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2010.

Rowan, Carl. Dream Makers, Dream Breakers: The World of Justice Thurgood Marshall. Boston: Little Brown and Co., 1993.

Ryan, James. Thurgood Marshall. Toledo, OH: Great Neck Publishing, 2005.

Smith, J. Clay, Jr. “Thurgood Marshall: An Heir of Charles Hamilton Houston.” Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 3 (Spring 1993): 503-20.

Tushnet, Mark V. “The Jurisprudence of Thurgood Marshall.” University of Illinois Law Review, vol. 1996, no. 4 (1996): 1129-1150. Making Civil Rights Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1936-1961. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

________. Making Constitutional Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1961-1991. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

________. The NAACP’s Legal Strategy Against Segregated Education, 1925-1950. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987.

________. “Thurgood Marshall as a Symbol.” Thurgood Marshall Law Review, vol. 36, no. 1 (Fall 2010): 107-20.

Williams, Juan. “The Higher Education of Thurgood Marshall.” Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, no. 22 (Winter, 1998-1999), 82-8.

________. Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary. New York: Times Books, 1998.

Zelden, Charles. Thurgood Marshall: Race, Rights, and the Struggle for a More Perfect Union. London: Routledge, 2013.

Symposium: “Thurgood Marshall: His life, His Work, His Legacy.” Howard Law Journal, vol. 52, no. 3 (Spring 2009): ix-825.

Tributes: Harvard Blackletter Journal, vol. 6 (1989): 1-143.

Manuscript Collections

Library of Congress
Washington, D.C.
Thurgood Marshall papers, 1949-1991.
231.6 linear ft. (ca. 173,700 items); finding aid; collection contains correspondence, case files, dockets, and other papers relating to Marshall's service on the U.S. Supreme Court; as well as correspondence, administrative files, and other papers relating to his service as a judge on the U.S. court of appeals, and correspondence and legal papers relating to his years as U.S. solicitor general.

Oral History

Marshall, Thurgood. "Thurgood Marshall Interview I." Interview conducted on July 10, 1969, by T.H. Baker. Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin, Texas. Transcript, 20 pages.http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/oralhistory.hom/Marsha...

Marshall, Thurgood. "The Reminiscences of Thurgood Marshall." Interviews conducted in February 1977 by Ed Edwin. Oral History Research Office, Butler Library, Columbia University, New York, 1992. Transcript, 203 pages.

Federal Judicial Center

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Marshall, Thurgood