Born 1947 in Cincinnati, OH

Federal Judicial Service:
Judge, U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota
Nominated by William J. Clinton on November 19, 1993, to a seat vacated by Harry H. MacLaughlin. Confirmed by the Senate on March 25, 1994, and received commission on March 28, 1994. Served as chief judge, 2008-2015. Assumed senior status on August 1, 2015.

Other Federal Judicial Service:
Judge, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, 1999-2006

Education:
Macalester College, B.A., 1969
University of Minnesota Law School, J.D., 1972

Professional Career:

Law clerk, Legal Rights Center, 1971-1973
Attorney, U.S. Social Security Administration, Baltimore, Maryland, 1973
Criminal defense lawyer, Neighborhood Justice Center, Inc., 1974
Attorney, Legal Rights Center, 1975-1978
Instructor, William Mitchell School of Law, 1977-1981
Attorney/commissioner, Minneapolis [Minnesota] Civil Rights Commission, 1977-1982
Attorney, Hennepin County [Minnesota] Public Defender's Office, 1978-1983
Adjunct professor, University of Minnesota Law School, 1982-2013
Judge, Hennepin County [Minnesota] Municipal Court, 1983-1984
Judge, Minnesota District Court, Fourth Judicial District, 1984-1994
Instructor, Minnesota Institute of Legal Education, 1991-1992